Applied Behavior WHAT???
The textbook definition of Applied Behavior Analysis is that ‘it is a science in which strategies derived from the principles of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior, and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change’ (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007).
I know that’s a little too much to take in! Let’s break it down into 5 points:
ABA is a science. This is what differentiates ABA from other approaches. ABA is based on over 50 years of research and it is still evolving. As a science, ABA believes in objectively defining behaviors and then measuring them. The data from these observations is then carefully analyzed to improve the individual’s behavior and performance.
ABA is a collection of principles of behavior and learning. These are rules that explain how we learn and why we behave the way we do. By understanding these rules, and understanding ‘why’ we do something, we can change and improve behavior. We can improve behavior by increasing it, i.e., doing something more often, faster or for a longer duration. For example, learning to request using words, sign language or finishing a math worksheet faster. We can also improve behavior by decreasing it, i.e., doing something less often or not at all. For example, reducing nail biting.
ABA targets socially significant behaviors. The important thing here is that whatever the chosen behavior (often referred to as ‘target behavior’) may be, it must be a behavior that is important for that individual. In fact, it must also be a behavior that impacts the quality of life of those around the individual, like parents, siblings, school peers etc. So even though, a teacher may be inclined to teach colors to a 2 year old learner, one must evaluate if learning colors will positively impact the learners' life. Are there other skills that are more 'urgent' or significant for this learner, at this time?
ABA can be applied to various settings, ages and diagnosis. ABA can be applied in any setting that is relevant, contextual and functional to the goal being taught. It can be applied in the learners’ playroom with his toys, in the kitchen while a learner is eating or making a snack, in school to support better integration or in the community. Research has shown success with not only young children with Autism, but also with teenagers and adults, with other developmental and intellectual disabilities. Its application is useful in teaching social and communication skills, daily living skills as well as academics. It is a science that can be applied anywhere and to anyone.
ABA includes several behavior-change tactics. There are several tactics utilized in ABA. Discrete Trial Teaching, Natural Environment Teaching, Shaping, Task Analysis and Chaining are some of the commonly known techniques under the large umbrella of ABA.